5、Peregrini

5、自由民

Peregrini were people who were not citizens of Rome and the concept of theperegrini was vital to the success of the Roman Empire. Civil law, such as the ownership of property, was restricted in a lot of ways, but the harshest penalty for being a peregrini was that they were unable to marry a Roman citizen, unless extraordinary circumstances allowed for it. The Romans did, however, allow peregrini to retain the rights of their homeland. For example, Athenians were allowed to marry Athenians and be heirs to other Athenians.

自由民并不是真正的罗马公民。自由民概念的提出也是罗马帝国成功的关键。在法律上，自由民在许多方面受限，比如财产权。但是，最残酷的地方还是在于他们不被允许与罗马公民通婚，除非他们作出十分卓越的贡献才可以。然而，罗马人曾向自由人承诺保留他们的家园，比如，雅典人之间可以通婚，也可以成为其他雅典人的继承人。

Over time, the rights of Roman citizens began to take over the day-to-day interactions between Romans and non-Romans, so much so that peregriniwere almost second-class citizens, barely better than a slave. However, this was all made moot in A.D. 212, when Emperor Caracalla declared all free men to be citizens of Rome, regardless of their place of birth.

随着时间的推移，对罗马公民权的重视开始逐渐取代了罗马人与非罗马人的日常交流，以至于后来自由民几乎成为了二等公民，仅仅好于奴隶。然而，在公元212年，罗马皇帝卡拉卡拉宣布所有的没有束缚的人，无论他们出生在何方，都是罗马的公民。这在当时引发了争论。

4、Poena Cullei

（溺毙）

The Romans had laws for everything, many of which have been adopted by Western civilization into their own judicial systems. However, capital punishment was quite prevalent in ancient Rome, being used for a number of crimes that we would simply jail someone for today. Poena cullei was a special type of capital punishment, one which was reserved for a particular crime: parricide, or murder of a member of one's family.

罗马有很多法规，现在有一部分曾被西方司法系统所采用。然而，死罚在过罗马非常流行，被应用在很多我们现在在最多判个监禁的犯罪上。溺毙（沉水刑）是一种非常特殊的死刑，专门惩罚一些特殊的犯罪，如：杀害双亲罪、活着谋杀亲属罪。

Once convicted, the murderer would have his face covered with a wolf's skinand sandals were placed on his feet (presumably to keep him from defiling the air or the ground). He would now wait in prison until a sack was made for him. Once it was ready, a dog, monkey, snake, and rooster were placed in the sack, along with the murderer, and the sack was thrown into a river or the ocean.

一旦定罪，人们就会用狼皮把凶手的脸蒙起来，然后在他的脚上穿上凉鞋（据说这样可以不让罪犯亵渎徒土地或者空气）。他将呆在监牢里，直到人们用麻袋把他装起来。但这些准备工作做好了后，人们还会在麻袋里放一只狗，一只猴子，一条蛇和一只公鸡，然后把装着罪犯的麻袋扔进河里活着海里。

3、Homo Sacer

（被诅咒的人）

Another traditional Roman punishment, the status of homo sacer was given to those who broke oaths. Homo sacer translates best as "man who is set apart." Those punished with this title were not allowed to be ritually sacrificed, but they could be killed by anyone, with impunity. Some people were deemed homo sacer by a group of vigilantes, without any actual legal standing. (It is believed this may have occurred in early Rome, since they lacked the standing forces necessary to enforce the law, allowing people to take matters into their own hands on occasion.)

另一项传统罗马式惩罚，把背叛誓言者裁定为"被诅咒的人"。"被诅咒的人"最适合翻译成"被隔离的人"。得到这个称号的人不允许被祭祀，而他们却可以被任何人免于刑罚地杀死。有些人，不经过任何实质法律程序，就可以被一个治安委员会裁定为"被诅咒的人"。（一般认为这种现象可能发生在早期罗马，因为当时他们缺乏足够人力执行法律，所以允许人们视情况自己决定争端。）

In addition, any legal rights the convicted would have normally had, such as land ownership, were revoked, essentially ridding him of what made him a part of society. The Law of the Twelve Tables, the foundation of Roman law, specifically mentions homo sacer, making it the punishment for patrons who deceive their clients.

另外，被判此刑者被剥夺任何正常法律权利，例如土地所有权，实质上剥夺了他作为社会一份子的基础。十二铜表法，作为罗马法的根基，特别提到了"被诅咒的人"，使之成为对赞助人欺骗客户的惩罚。

2、Triumph

2、凯旋庆典

In ancient Rome, a triumph was an extraordinarily special ritual, a parade saved for a victorious general, and the highest honor that could be bestowed on a military man. (Although, the rite was abused in the later years of the Republic, with the aristocracy vying to outdo each other.) Various requirements, including a kill count, were set and the entire thing had to be approved, as well as paid for, by the Senate. When the Republic fell, all triumphs went to the Emperor, as he was seen as the commander-in-chief and all military honors went to him.

在古罗马时期，庆祝胜利的仪式是一种十分特殊的典礼，是一场为得胜归来的将军进行的游行，也是授予一个军人的最高荣誉。（然而，在古罗马共和国的后期，由于贵族们相互之间的竞争，这种仪式被滥用了。）进行这种仪式必须要具备许多条件，包括杀敌数目；所有的事情必须由元老院批准、支付费用。当古罗马崩溃之后，所有的庆祝仪式都被用于皇帝个人，因为皇帝是总司令，所有的军队荣誉都归于皇帝个人。

Basically, a long parade took place in Rome. Members of the Senate, musicians, sacrificial animals, and prisoners walked in front of the general, who had a gold crown held over his head by a slave. Bringing up the rear were his fellow soldiers, who traditionally sang songs poking fun at their commander; this was believed to ward off the evil eye. It culminated in the sacrifice of animals at the Temple of Jupiter, as well as the killing of the prisoners of war.

一般，在古罗马一个游行队伍都很长。队伍中元老院的成员、音乐家、用于祭祀的动物和囚犯们走在将军的前面。将军的金冠在他的头顶上方由一个奴隶拿着。殿后的是将军的士兵。按照传统这些士兵唱着歌曲来作弄他们的指挥官，人们相信这样做可以避开能伤害人的恶毒眼光（恶魔之眼）。仪式的最后，人们在朱庇特神庙里用动物进行献祭，同时杀掉战俘。

1、Damnatio Memoriae

除忆之刑

A practice common with nearly every ancient culture, and even some today,damnatio memoriae was the ritualistic and symbolic removal of a person from history. Seen as the worst punishment imaginable, worse than execution, the damned's name was scratched from inscriptions, frescos with his face were painted over, and any statue was defaced, as if it was really him. It was normally reserved for the worst emperors in Roman history; Caligula and Nero escaped this punishment by having powerful friends, even after death.

这是一种几乎每个古老文明都有的，甚至在今天的某些地区依然存在的刑罚。除忆之刑是象征性地、通过某种仪式将某人从历史中移除，它被看作是世上最严重的惩罚，甚至比死刑还要严重。受刑的人的名字会从铭文中擦去去，壁画中的他的头像会被涂抹覆盖，而他的雕塑则会被损坏丑化，好象那才是真正的他。通常只有罗马历史上最昏庸无道的君主才会被施加这种刑罚，即使是在他们死亡以后。而卡里古拉（Caligula）和尼禄（Nero）因为有权力强大的朋友的帮助而逃过了该刑罚。

Only three emperors are known to have been officially given this punishment, including Maximian, whose friend and co-emperor Diocletian is said to have been so stricken with grief that he died shortly after hearing the news. Obviously, it didn't work as well in practice as it did in theory; we still know about everyone who was the subject of damnatio memoriae. Some scholars feel it may have served a cathartic purpose for the public, enabling them to vent their frustration over the failures of their leaders.

目前已知的只有三位君主曾被正式地施以该刑罚，包括有马克西米安（Maximian），据说他的朋友戴克里先（Diocletian）听到这个消息以后伤心过度，不久后就死去了。很明显，这个刑罚实际并没达到它理论上的效果，因为我们仍然知晓那些受到除忆之刑的人。一些学者认为除忆之刑能起到让公众泄愤的作用，让他们发泄出对领导者的失败的失意感。