up down close to beneath under around near to along
　　
　　2) 用于按时间顺序展开的段落之中的连接词和过渡词有
　　
　　soon, then, suddenly, at the same time, next, early, this morning /year, now, after, at present, later, afterwards finally, at last, all of a sudden , at noon , in the morning/afternoon/evening
　　
　　3) 用于按分析法展开的段落之中的连接词和过渡词有
　　
　　first, second, etc. now for this purpose; but as a result furthermore;finally at last moreover
　　
　　also therefore likewise;another for example next; yet for instance on the contrary
　　
　　once in addition in summary;such in this case on the other hand
　　
　　then otherwise in conclusion thus
　　
　　4) 用于按比较法展开的段落之中的连接词和过渡词有
　　
　　another moreover in addition
　　
　　equally important too, also at the same time
　　
　　besides then in the same way in fact like, similarly
　　
　　5) 用于按对比法展开的段落之中的连接词和过渡词有
　　
　　on the contrary different from on the other hand in contrast to despite
　　
　　in spite of, yet, but ,whereas, unlike nevertheless not only…butalso here…there years)one ago…today the former…the latter then…now some…others one…the other once…now
　　
　　on
　　
　　6)逻辑关系
　　
　　递进: then， besides， furthermore， moreover
　　
　　转折: however， but， on the country， after all
　　
　　总结: finally， at last， in brief，
　　
　　in conclusion。强调: indeed， certainly， surely， above all。对比: in the same way， just as， on the one hand…on the other hand
　　
　　4．写作中使用率最高覆盖面最广的基本句式
　　
　　以下是短文写作中使用率最高、覆盖面最广的基本句式，每组句式的功能相同或相似，考生可根据自己的情况选择其中的1－2个，做到能够熟练正确地仿写或套用。
　　
　　1、表示原因
　　
　　1）There are three reasons for this... 2）The reasons for this are as follows...
　　
　　3）The reason for this is obvious... 4）The reason for this is not far to seek...
　　
　　5）The reason for this is that...6）We have good reason to believe that...
　　
　　例如：There are three reasons for the changes that have taken place in our life．Firstly，people’s living standard has been greatly improved．Secondly，most people are well paid, and they can afford what they need or like．Last but not least，more and more people prefer to enjoy modern life． 注：如考生写第一个句子没有把握，可将其改写成两个句子。如：Great changes have taken place in our life． There are three reasons for this．这样写可以避免套用中的表达失误。
　　
　　2、表示好处
　　
　　1）It has the following advantages．2）It does us a lot of good．3）It is beneficial to us．4）It benefits us quite a lot． 5）It is of great benefit to us．
　　
　　例如： Books are like friends．They can help us know the world better，and they can open our minds and widen our horizons．Therefore，reading extensively is of great benefit to us．
　　
　　3、表示坏处
　　
　　1）It has more disadvantages than advantages． 2）It does us much harm． 3）It is harmful to us．
　　
　　例如： However，everything divides into two．Television can also be harmful to us．It can do harm to our health and make us lazy if we spend too much time watching television．
　　
　　4、表示重要、必要、困难、方便、可能
　　
　　1）It is important（necessary，difficult，convenient， possible）for sb．to do sth．
　　
　　2）We think it necessary to do sth． 3）It plays an important role in our life．
　　
　　例如： Computers are now being used everywhere，whether in the government，in schools or in business．Soon， computers will be found in every home，too．We have good reason to say that computers are playing an increasingly important role in our life and we have stepped into the Computer Age．